По данным критериям пока препаратов нет.
Pharmacovigilance
Please report data on side effects of medicines and medical inquiries to the following address
По данным критериям пока препаратов нет.
SANTO provides an opportunity for the healthcare system of the Republic of Kazakhstan to treat patients with high-quality biologics at an affordable price. Biologics have been used by patients in many countries around the world for more than 30 years. These drugs have fundamentally changed the treatment of many difficult-to-treat diseases, and have helped prolong and improve the lives of many patients.
These medications include: hormone preparations, namely – growth hormone for disorders in the synthesis of endogenous growth hormone; erythropoietin (EPO) for the treatment of kidney anemia and other diseases; insulin for the treatment of diabetes; factors VIII and IX for the treatment of blood diseases such as hemophilia; enzymes for the treatment of neutropenia during chemotherapy; immunomodulators, such as – beta - interferon for multiple sclerosis; monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used in mainly for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases; blood clotting factors, such as – factors VIII and IX for blood diseases, such as hemophilia; enzymes for treating various diseases, including metabolic disorders, such as-Gaucher's disease; vaccines - for preventing many diseases, such as those caused by human papillomavirus infections.
However, biologics are very expensive, and in many cases, they are not always available to treat the patients they are indicated for. The development and production of original biologics is a complex process that requires significant financial investments, and therefore, the purchase of such medicines is usually expensive for most patients and burdensome for the healthcare system as a whole. One of the ways to solve the problem of increasing the availability of modern medicines for the general population is to replace original medicines with generics, and in the case of biologics — with biosimilars.
A biosimilar is a medicinal product of biological origin containing an analog of the active substance of a biological preparation. At the same time, the biosimilar shows similarity with the latter in terms of quality characteristics, biological activity, safety profile and effectiveness based on a comprehensive comparability study.
After the relevant patents expire, biologics can be manufactured and sold by companies other than the company that originally brought the drug to market. This new subclass of biotechnological drugs is more often referred to as "biosimilar drugs", they can be referred to as "similar biological drugs", "biosimilars", "reproduced biologically active drugs" or "similar biotherapeutic drugs". Biosimilars or biosimilars are variants of existing biological medicinal products for which the exclusive right to sell has already expired, and which have proven quality, efficacy, and safety characteristics comparable to the original reference medicinal products.
Biosimilars open up the possibility of wider access to affordable treatment. This possibility, over the past ten years, has been equal to the importance of the emergence of generic drugs. Competition in the market, resulting from the introduction of even a limited number of biosimilars, will significantly save up to several billion euros annually, for example, in the case of the European Union (EU) countries. The long-term potential for future savings from biosimilar drugs, including monoclonal antibody biosimilars, will be much higher.
This new direction in biotechnology has developed significantly since the first adoption of regulatory guidelines, standards and laws in the EU in 2004, aimed at bringing this category of medicines to European markets. Since then, more than twenty-five biosimilars have been approved for sale in Europe. Biological medicinal products are obtained from living organisms using biotechnologies and registered through a centralized procedure used in Europe, which is controlled by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The term "biosimilar medicinal product" is introduced by the EU legislation regulating the relevant approval procedure. As with all medicines, European standards and guidelines have been implemented to ensure the quality, effectiveness and safety of biosimilar medicines. Quality, in this context, means controls and standards that are constantly applied to all processes of production, preparation and processing of the drug. The main aspects of quality considered are the biological potency and purity of the drug, which should be within the limits demonstrated by the reference / reference drug. When developing biosimilars, the latest analytical and biotechnological methods are used, including those that were not available when the reference drug was registered.
In order to be registered or approved for use, biosimilar medicinal products must demonstrate the same quality, safety and efficacy as the original reference medicinal products. Biosimilar medicines are carefully evaluated for comparability with the reference drug. The degree of such comparability is determined for each drug individually in close cooperation with the EMA. In line with all other medicinal products, biosimilar medicinal products are continuously monitored after authorization: to ensure the continuous operation of medical institutions through clinicians and pharmacists, and to increase access to vital biosimilar medicinal products for more patients. An important criterion is that both clinicians and pharmacists, as well as patients, are confident that the EMA conducts a thorough evaluation of such drugs from a scientific point of view, which leads to their approval by the European Commission as safe and effective.
Biosimilars in the EU receive approval only after a long and thorough examination of their registration data, which always includes a full assessment of the comparability of expert commissions for evaluating medical technologies, purchasers of medicines and medical devices, and state authorities in the field of price regulation and reimbursement of treatment costs.
A biosimilar is a biological medicinal product that is highly similar to another biological medicinal product that was previously approved (the so-called "reference" or "reference" drug).
Animal cells, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and yeast are mainly used for the production of biological products using recombinant DNA technology and hybridization.
The primary structure of recombinant biologics is amino acid sequences. In the future, they are stabilized by disulfide bridges (secondary structure), in conclusion, the drug acquires a tertiary structure, and many proteins undergo glycosylation, which creates many isoforms that differ in the place of glycosylation and the length of carbohydrate chains. Such a complex structure, despite the use of modern methods that include control over the source of cells, the process of cultivation, purification, post-translational modification, etc. it cannot be made identical, but only analogous.
When reproducing a biological product, there may be minor differences from the reference product. These minor differences are not clinically relevant, i.e. differences in safety and efficacy are not expected. Natural variability is common to all biological medicinal products, and strict control measures are applied to ensure that it does not affect the method of operation or safety of the medicinal product.
Approval for the use of biosimilars is granted in accordance with the same standards of quality, safety and efficacy of medicinal products that apply to all approved biological medicinal products.
Demonstrating biosimilarity, a biosimilar can be based on the safety and efficacy indicators obtained when using a reference drug. This avoids unnecessary repetition of clinical trials already conducted with the reference drug.
The evidence obtained over 10 years of clinical experience demonstrates that biosimilars approved by the EMA can be used as effectively and safely as other biologics according to the appropriate indications for use.
The demonstration of biosimilarity is based on comprehensive studies of comparability with the refrain drug.
If the biosimilar is highly similar to the reference drug, and has comparable efficacy and safety for one therapeutic indication for use, data on safety and efficacy can be extrapolated to other indications for use that are already approved for the reference drug. Extrapolation should be supported by scientific data obtained from comparability studies (quality, preclinical and clinical).
Extrapolation is not a new concept, but it is a well-established scientific principle that is already being used routinely when biologics with several approved clinical indications for use are undergoing significant changes in their manufacturing process (for example, due to the introduction of a new formulation). In most of these cases, repeated clinical trials are not required for all indications for use, changes are approved based on quality studies and in vitro comparability.
All indications for the use of biological medicinal products (including biosimilars) were established on the basis of convincing scientific evidence.
The safety of biosimilars is monitored through ongoing pharmacovigilance measures, just as in the case of any other medicinal product. There is no separate safety requirement that applies only to biosimilars because of the different way they are designed.
Over the past 10 years, the EU monitoring system has not identified any relevant differences in the nature, severity or frequency of adverse events of biosimilars and their reference drugs.
The competitiveness of biosimilars can provide an advantage to countries 'health systems, as they are expected to increase patients' access to safe and effective biologics with proven quality.
Since the first clinical use of the biosimilar in 2006, the number of biosimilars approved for market entry and then safely used in clinical practice has been growing every year in the EU.
With the exception of immunological reactions, most drug side effects can be predicted based on the pharmacological action, and occur both when using the reference drug and when using a biosimilar (for example, high hemoglobin levels when using epoetin).
Data on the safety of biosimilars in patients are collected during active pharmacovigilance measures. These include planned pharmacovigilance measures and special monitoring in accordance with the Risk Management Plan (RMP) specified in the registration dossier.
Based on the results of special monitoring of biosimilars for more than 10 years:
of the more than 25 biosimilars approved for use in the EU to date, none has been withdrawn or suspended for safety or efficacy reasons.
Over the past 10 years, the EU drug safety monitoring system has not detected any difference in the negative effect, its strength and frequency, between biosimilars and reference drugs.
Biosimilar is not considered as a generic biological medicinal product, mainly because the natural variability and more complex production process of biological medicinal products do not allow accurate reproduction of molecular microheterogenicity. Accordingly, more studies are required to obtain regulatory approvals for biosimilars than for generics, to ensure that safety or efficacy will not be affected by minor changes. The table compares the development process and characteristics of generics and biosimilars.
|
Comparison of generic and biosimilar development characteristics |
|
|
Generic medicinal product |
Biosimilar medicinal product (biosimilar) |
|
As a rule, it is produced by chemical synthesis. |
It is obtained from a biological source. |
|
As a rule, it is possible to obtain exactly the same molecule. |
It is possible to reproduce the molecule with a high degree of similarity, thanks to unique biological production methods and natural biological variability. |
|
Basically, smaller molecules that are easier to characterize. |
Basically, larger molecules with a more complex structure, which require numerous technologies to compile their characteristics. |
|
The need for complete data on pharmaceutical quality. |
The need for complete pharmaceutical quality data, plus additional quality studies that compare the structure and biological activity of the biosimilar with the reference drug. |
|
Development based on demonstration of bioequivalence (i.e. that the generic and reference drug release the active substance into the body at the same rate and to the same extent under similar conditions). |
Development based on the demonstration of biosimilarity using comparability studies (a comprehensive direct comparative study of a biosimilar with a reference drug to demonstrate a high degree of similarity in chemical structure, biological function, efficacy, safety and immunogenicity) |
Patients have the right to have access to safe biological treatments in their fight against diseases that affect their ability to function and threaten their lives. Biosimilars make many of these biopharmaceuticals more accessible to patients, in some cases significantly more accessible. The potential savings expected from the introduction of biosimilars into the EU health system could lead to more patients gaining access to essential medicines.
For doctors, biosimilars are a safe therapeutic alternative for essential but expensive reference drugs. The scientific principle of developing biosimilars is a thorough comparison in terms of quality, effectiveness and safety, aimed at proving the similarity of the biosimilar with the original reference drug. As a result of successful demonstration of comparability of a particular biosimilar to a reference drug, the existing safety and efficacy profiles of the corresponding reference drug will also become applicable to the biosimilar.
Biosimilars increase competition in the biopharmaceutical market, just as generic drugs increase competition in the non-biopharmaceutical market. As a result of this high competition, more patients will be able to access the necessary biopharmaceuticals, resulting in lower treatment costs. Competition encourages further development of innovations in the pharmaceutical industry of Kazakhstan. Understanding these benefits should encourage policy makers, advisers and government representatives to support appropriate legislative decisions and the rapid introduction of biosimilars to the drug market.
Thus, biosimilars are a therapeutically equivalent and more cost-effective alternative to existing expensive biopharmaceuticals. This means that more patients can receive treatment within the same budget, and if necessary, treatment can start at an earlier stage. Biosimilars provide a unique opportunity to manage the growing costs of biopharmaceuticals. Just as generic analogues of chemicals are now widely used in the EU health system, and the level of their use is much higher than at the beginning of their use in the 1980s, exactly the same process can be predicted with biosimilar types of biopharmaceuticals. It is reasonable to expect that in the coming years new applications will be submitted and new permits will be obtained for biosimilars, especially for biosimilar preparations of monoclonal antibodies.